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Objective:To explore prognostic factors of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile duct (IPMN-B) patients.Methods:Clinical data on 227 patients with IPMN-B between 2004 and 2015 were retrospectively collected from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database. There were 126 male and 101 female patients with the age at diagnosis of 69(58, 77) years old. IPMN-B patients were divided into two groups based on whether surgical treatment was performed. There were 129 patients in the surgery group and 98 patients in the non-surgery group. The survival analyses were assessed by Kaplan-Meier analyses and log-rank test was used to compared survival rate. The univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were applied to find independent prognostic factors of the survival in IPMN-B patients.Results:The tumor size of 227 IPMN-B patients from the SEER database was 25(18.5, 45.0) mm. The differences of tumor size, grade of defferentiation, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, T stage, M stage chemotherapy were statistically significant respectively in surgery group and non-surgery group (all P<0.05). The median overall survival time (OS) of patients with IPMN-B was 14 months and the overall 1-year survival was 53.4%. The median overall survival time of IPMN-B patients in surgery group was 27 months, which was better than 5 months of patients in non-surgery group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.001). Univariate Cox analysis found AJCC stage, T stage, N stage, M stage and surgery were prognostic factors in patients with IPMN-B. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that M1 stage ( HR=2.125, 95% CI: 1.472-3.066, P<0.001) was independent risk factor of prognosis while surgery ( HR=2.983, 95% CI: 2.106-4.224, P<0.001) was independent protective factor of prognosis. Conclusion:The AJCC staging system is an important predictor for evaluating the prognosis of IPMN-B patients. Surgery could significantly improve the prognosis of patients with IPMN-B.
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Background: The eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) for oral cancer has incorporated additional pathological features like depth of invasion (DOI) and extranodal extension (ENE) into T and N staging. The incorporation of these two factors will impact the staging and, hence, the treatment decisions. The aim of the study was to clinically validate the new staging system in predicting the outcome in patients treated for carcinoma oral tongue. The study also examined the correlation of pathological risk factors with survival. Methods: We studied 70 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue who underwent primary surgical treatment at a tertiary care center in the year 2012. All these patients were restaged pathologically according to the new AJCC eighth staging system. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Akaike information criterion and concordance index were calculated between both staging systems to identify a better predictive model. Log-rank test and univariate Cox regression analysis were conducted to find out the significance of different pathological factors on outcome. Results: Incorporation of DOI and ENE resulted in 47.2% and 12.8% stage migration, respectively. DOI less than 5 mm was associated with a 5-year OS and DFS of 100% and 92.9%, respectively, compared to 88.7% and 85.1%, respectively, when the DOI was more than 5 mm. Presence of lymph node involvement, ENE, and perineural invasion (PNI) were associated with inferior survival. The eighth edition had lower Akaike information criterion and improved concordance index values compared with the seventh edition. Conclusion: The eighth edition of AJCC allows better risk stratification. Restaging of cases based on the eighth edition AJCC staging manual resulted in significant upstaging with difference in survival.
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Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of the eighth edition of AJCC stage Ⅲ gallbladder cancer (GBC). Methods We collected the clinical data and follow-up results of 3485 patients with AJCC 8th stage Ⅲ gallbladder cancer. Kaplan Meier survival curves of ⅢA and ⅢB, T3N0M0 (ⅢA), T1-2N1M0 (ⅢB) and T3N1M0 (ⅢB) were drawn and compared. Single factor analysis and Cox multiple factor regression analysis were used to analyze the relation between clinical characteristics, treatment plan, stage Ⅲ subtype and prognosis. Results One-year survival rate of stage ⅢB gallbladder cancer patients was 49.70%, higher than those of stage ⅢA(36.41%); the 1-year survival rate of stage T1-2N1M0 (ⅢB) gallbladder cancer patients was 65.52%, higher than those of stage T3N0M0 (ⅢA) (36.41%) and stage T3N1M0 (ⅢB) (37.05%). According to Cox multivariate analysis, age, tumor grade, tumor size, operation mode, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, AJCC 8th TNM specific subtype and T stage were independent related factors affecting the prognosis of stage Ⅲ GBC patients (P < 0.01). Conclusion The overall survival of stage ⅢB GBC is better than that of stage ⅢA. The risk of stage Ⅲ GBC death was T1-2N1M0 (ⅢB) < T3N0M0 (ⅢA) < T3N1M0 (ⅢB). Radical cholecystectomy (number of dissected lymph node≥6), radiotherapy and chemotherapy are beneficial to the improvement of prognosis of stage Ⅲ GBC patients.
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Antecedentes: En la octava edición del manual de estadificación del cáncer del American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), se introdujeron cambios importantes en las categorías T, N y M. Al entrar en vigencia la octava guía de la AJCC, se modificó no solo el T, sino también la indicación de biopsia del ganglio centinela (BGC). Entre los cambios más significativos en la estadificación se encuentran: la exclusión del índice mitótico (IM) de la categoría T en los melanomas finos (de hasta 1 mm de espesor) y el cambio del punto de corte para el espesor tumoral para discriminar un T1a (< 0,8 mm sin ulceración) de un T1b (≥ 0,8 mm). Objetivo: Comparar la estadificación inicial de los melanomas finos según el criterio utilizado en la séptima edición, con la que tendrían de acuerdo con la perspectiva actual del AJCC, con especial atención en el índice mitótico. Diseño y métodos: Estudio observacional, de corte transversal, realizado mediante la recolección de datos de las historias clínicas desde el 1 de enero de 2000 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2017. Resultados: De 131 melanomas finos incluidos, 28 tendrían cambios en su estadificación. Al considerar el nuevo punto de corte para el espesor tumoral, 22 melanomas T1a pasarían a T1b. Asimismo, se detectaron 20 melanomas con un IM ≥ 1 mitosis/mm2, de los cuales solo 6 tuvieron indicación de BGC por este criterio exclusivamente y serían clasificados como T1a en la actualidad. De estos, en 2 no se realizó la BGC por autodeterminación de los pacientes y en los 4 restantes el resultado fue negativo. Conclusiones: Veintiocho de nuestros pacientes tendrían hoy diferencias en la indicación de BGC: 22 serían considerados con mayor riesgo de metástasis ganglionares y serían candidatos a su pesquisa. Los otros 6 pacientes ya no tendrían indicación de ese estudio por la baja posibilidad de encontrar metástasis ocultas, lo cual coincide con el resultado negativo de la BGC en los 4 pacientes que se sometieron al procedimiento. (AU)
Background: In the 8th edition of the cancer staging manual of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), important changes were made in the T, N and M categories. When the 8th guideline of the AJCC came into effect, not only was the T stage modified, but also the indication for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). The most significant changes in staging included: the exclusion of the mitotic index (MI) as a determinant of the T category and the change of the threshold of tumor thickness to discriminate a T1a (< 0.8 mm without ulceration) from a T1b (≥ 0.8 mm). Objective: To compare the initial staging of thin melanomas according to the criteria used in the 7th edition, with the one that would have been used according to the current AJCC recommendations, with special focus on MI. Design and methods: Observational, cross-sectional study, carried out through the collection of data from medical records from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2017. Results: There were 131 thin melanomas included, 28 of which would have had changes in their staging. When considering the modified threshold for tumor thickness, 22 T1a melanomas would be classified as T1b. Among 20 thin melanomas with a MI ≥ 1, only 6 had an indication for SLNB solely due to the MI criterion and would be now classified as T1a. Two of these did not undergo SLNB because they rejected the procedure, and in the remaining 4, there were no SLN metastasis. Conclusions: Nowadays, 28 of our patients would have differences in the indication for SLNB: 22 would be considered to be at greater risk of lymph node metastasis and would be candidates for screening. The other 6 patients would no longer have an indication for this procedure due to the low probability of clinically occult metastases, which seems to concur with the negative result of SLNB in the 4 patients who underwent the procedure. (AU)
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Humans , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy , Melanoma/pathology , Mitotic Index , Neoplasm Staging/methods , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Lymphatic Metastasis , Melanoma/diagnosisABSTRACT
Purpose: The cancer genome atlas (TCGA) is a comprehensive project supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in the United States to explore molecular alterations in cancer, including uveal melanoma (UM). This led to TCGA classification for UM. In this report, we review the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification and TCGA classification for UM from the NCI's Center for Cancer Genomics (NCI CCG) (based on enucleation specimens [n = 80 eyes]) and from Wills Eye Hospital (WEH) (based on fine needle aspiration biopsy [FNAB] specimens [n = 658 eyes]). We then compare accuracy and predictability of AJCC versus (vs.) TCGA. Methods: Review of published reports on AJCC and TCGA classification for UM was performed. Outcomes based on AJCC 7th and 8th editions were assessed. For TCGA, UM was classified based on chromosomes 3 and 8 findings including disomy 3 (D3), monosomy 3 (M3), disomy 8 (D8), 8q gain (8qG), or 8q gain multiple (8qGm) and combined into four classes including Class A (D3/D8), Class B (D3/8qG), Class C (M3/8qG), and Class D (M3/8qGm). Outcomes of metastasis and death were explored and a comparison (AJCC vs. TCGA) was performed. Results: In the NCI CCG study, there were 80 eyes with UM sampled by enucleation (n = 77), resection (n = 2), or orbitotomy (n = 1) and analysis revealed four distinct genetic classes. Metastasis and death outcomes were subsequently evaluated per class in the WEH study. The WEH study reviewed 658 eyes with UM, sampled by FNAB, and found Class A (n = 342, 52%), B (n = 91, 14%), C (n = 118, 18%), and D (n = 107, 16%). Comparison by increasing class (A vs. B vs. C vs. D) revealed older mean patient age (P < 0.001), worse entering visual acuity (P < 0.001), greater distance from the optic disc (P < 0.001), larger tumor diameter (P < 0.001), and greater tumor thickness (P < 0.001). Regarding outcomes, more advanced TCGA class demonstrated increased 5-year risk for metastasis (4% vs. 20% vs. 33% vs. 63%,P < 0.001) with corresponding increasing hazard ratio (HR) (1.0 vs. 4.1, 10.1, 30.0,P= 0.01 for B vs. A andP < 0.001 for C vs. A and D vs. A) as well as increased 5-year estimated risk for death (1% vs. 0% vs. 9% vs. 23%,P < 0.001) with corresponding increasing HR (1 vs. NA vs. 3.1 vs. 13.7,P= 0.11 for C vs. A andP < 0.001 for D vs. A). Comparison of AJCC to TCGA classification revealed TCGA was superior in prediction of metastasis and death from UM. Conclusion: TCGA classification for UM is simple, accurate, and highly predictive of melanoma-related metastasis and death, more so than the AJCC classification.
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In 2017, the American Joint Committee on Cancer announced the 8th edition of its cancer staging system. For breast cancer, the most significant change in the staging system is the incorporation of biomarkers into the anatomic staging to create prognostic stages. Different prognostic stages are assigned to tumors with the same anatomic stages according to the tumor grade, hormone receptor (estrogen receptor; progesterone receptor) status, and HER2 status. A Clinical Prognostic Stage is assigned to all patients regardless of the type of therapy used; in contrast, a Pathologic Prognosis Stage is assigned to patients in whom surgery is the initial treatment. In a few situations, low Oncotype DX recurrence scores can change the prognostic stage. The radiologists need to understand the importance of the biologic factors that can influence cancer staging.
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Humans , Biological Factors , Biomarkers , Breast Neoplasms , Breast , Joints , Neoplasm Staging , Progesterone , Prognosis , RecurrenceABSTRACT
Objective@#To validate whether the prognostic stage groups by the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system provides improved prognostic accuracy in T1-2N1M0 postmastectomy breast cancer patients compared to 7th edition.@*Methods@#a total of 1 823 female patients with T1-2N1M0 breast cancer who underwent mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection without neoadjuvant chemotherapy were analyzed and restaged according to 8th edition. Univariate analysis of prognostic factors was evaluated by using log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was estimated by using the Cox proportional hazards model. The prognostic accuracy of the two staging systems was compared using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses and the concordance index (C-index).@*Results@#5-year locoregional recurrence rate (LRR) for the whole group was 6.0%, 5-year distant metastasis (DM) rate was 11.5%, 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 85.0%, and 5-year overall survival (OS) was 93.1%. Cox analysis showed that 7th edition of the AJCC staging system and progesterone receptor status were independent risk factors for LRR, DM, DFS and OS (P<0.05). Compared with stage by 7th edition, 1 278(70.1%) were assigned to a different prognostic stage group: 1 088 (85.1%) to a lower stage and 190 (14.9%) to a higher stage. LRR, DM, DFS and OS were significantly different between prognostic stage ⅠA, ⅠB, ⅡA, ⅡB and ⅢA according to 8th edition of the AJCC staging system(P<0.001). Prognostic stage had significantly higher C-indexes and provided better estimation of prognosis compared to stage by 7th edition of the AJCC staging system (P<0.001).@*Conclusion@#The prognostic stage groups of 8th edition AJCC staging system has superior prognostic accuracy compared to 7th edition in T1-2N1M0 breast cancer, and has better clinical therapeutic guidance value.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the value of the 8 th edition of the AJCC staging system in evaluating the prognosis of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC) after operation.METHODS: A total of 155 patients with ICC after radical resection in Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital,Naval Military Medical University from January 2013 to December 2018 were analyzed retrospectively.All patients were staged according to the 8 th edition of the AJCC staging system.The survival rates were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods.Multivariate analysis was assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.The predictive ability of staging systems was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC) and area under curve(AUC).RESULTS:(1) The follow-up rate of 155 patients was 70.3%,and the median follow-up time was 26(1-67) months.The 1-,3-,and 5-year survival rates of patients after surgery were81%,39%,and 25%,respectively.(2) The median survival time of T1 a,T1 b,T2,T3,and T4 stages was 45.5,28.8,19.1,18.9 and 16.2 months,respectively(P<0.001);The median survival time of N0 and N1 stages was 33.4 and 15.8 months,respectively(P<0.001);The median survival time of ⅠA,ⅠB,Ⅱ,Ⅲ A and Ⅲ B stages was 46.8,32.3,21.6,20.3 and 15.6 months,respectively(P<0.001).The ROC curve analysis of T stage,N stage and TNM stage indicated that the AUC were0.704,0.718 and 0.698,respectively.(3) Univariate analysis indicated that CA19-9,tumor number,vascular invasion,intraoperative blood transfusion,T stage,N stage and TNM stage were risk factors for prognosis in patients with ICC(P<0.05).Multivariate analysis indicated that the number of tumors,intraoperative blood transfusion,and N stage were independent risk factors for prognosis in patients with ICC(P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The 8 th edition of the AJCC staging system is of certain value in the evaluation of postoperative prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.Multiple tumors,intraoperative blood transfusion and N stage are independent prognostic factors for ICC patients.
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Objective To study the meaning of breast cancer staging system by AJCC eighth edition to invasive lobular carcinoma and analysis the clinical pathological characteristics.Methods According to the eighth edition of the AJCC staging to evaluate the TNM stage and prognosis evaluation of invasive lobular carcinoma cancer patient in Peking University Shenzhen Hospital from 2011 to 2016,and compared with others in clinical pathological data.Results There were 21 cases of invasive lobular carcinoma,accounting for 2.7％ of all invasive breast cancer.We found that invasive lobular carcinoma shows no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05) in ages,menstrual status,molecular features and anatomic staging and prognosis staging with others;histological grade were significantly different (P ＜ 0.05).There were significant differences in the prognosis and staging of invasive lobular carcinoma.Conclusions Eighth AJCC staging systemn provides a new reference for the clinical treatment of breast cancer,should be evaluated with anatomic stage.Histological grade is relatively good in invasive lobular carcinoma and the prognosis is good,needs more research to the individualized treatment of invasive lobular carcinoma.
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Objective To explore the relation between clinical-pathological features,Siewert classification and prognosis of esophagogastric junction (EGJ) carcinoma,and to assess the applicability of the new edition of American Joint Committee of Cancer (AJCC) staging guideline on EGJ adenocarcinoma in China.Methods From 2002 to 2012,the clinical data,pathological features,treatment and prognosis of 218 patients with EGJ malignant tumor were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were typed according to Siewert classification criteria and each case was staged according to 7th edition of AJCC TNM staging criteria for esophagus adenocarcinoma and gastric cancer.Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test were performed for survival analysis.Results According to the Siewert classification,type Ⅰ was rare (nine cases,4.1％),type Ⅱ was the most common type (150 cases,68.8％) and followed by type Ⅲ (59 cases,27.1％).There was no significant difference in survival curve among the three types (P＞0.05).The survival curve was drawn according to 7th edition of AJCC TNM staging criteria for esophagus adenocarcinoma.In T staging,the prognosis of patients at T4b was better than that of patients at T4a,the prognosis of patients at ⅡB was better than that of patients at ⅡA.The survival curve of patients at Ⅲ C obviously crossed with that of patients at Ⅳ,which was not in conformity with clinical results.The survival curve was drawn according to 7th edition of AJCC staging criteria for gastric cancer.In T staging,the survival curve of patients at Tis was overlapped with that of patients at T1a.The survival rate of patients at ⅡB could not be accurately predicted by the overall staging.In general,the survival of patients with EGJ carcinoma was better predicted according to 7th edition of AJCC staging criteria for gastric cancer than 7th edition for esophagus adenocarcinoma.Conclusions Neither 7th edition of AJCC staging criteria for esophagus adenocarcinoma nor for gastric cancer could accurately predict its prognosis.In our country,EGJ malignant tumor was similar to gastric cancer and had specific clinical-pathological features.It is necessary to research and establish EGJ carcinoma staging criteria instead of applying the current staging criteria for esophagus adenocarcinoma or gastric cancer.
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INTRODUCTION: Most patients with malignant neoplasm of maxillary sinus have no symptoms in the early stage and therefore, many of these patients are diagnosed in the advanced stage of the disease. The complexity of the anatomy and the proximity of the eyes, brain and cranial nerves render complete surgical resection difficult, which leads to local recurrence, a major cause of treatment failure. The incidence seems to vary in different parts of the world, with Asian countries reporting high numbers of cases. Malignant neoplasm of maxillary sinus is very difficult to treatment and traditionally has been associated with a poor prognosis. GOAL: To study the stage and treatment of the malignant neoplasm of maxillary sinus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 130 patients who had been diagnosed with malignant neoplasm of maxillary sinus at National cancer center of Mongolia between 1 January 2003 and December 2013 were reviewed. The following data were collected: malignant neoplasm staging, types of treatment. Malignant neoplasm staging was done using the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification, and retrospective restaging was done in previously diagnosed patients. RESULTS: There were 81 (62.4%) male and 49 (37.6%) female patients with a mean age of 53.18 years. Malignant neoplasms were classified retrospectively using the AJCC Staging System tumor classification was 5 (3.8%) were staged as II, 17 (13.1%) were staged as III, 108 (83%) were staged as IV, none stage as I. Malignant neoplasm of maxillary sinus to most infiltrated into nasal cavity (75 cases). In total, there 130 patients were submitted only to surgery 20.7%, to radiotherapy 22.3%, to chemotherapy 6.9%, to combination therapy 42.3%. CONCLUSIONS: 1.The higher the patient’s clinical stage was, the worse his prognosis was. 2. In this study the most commons treatment was combination of therapy. Combination of therapy may be the best treatment for patients with maxillary sinus malignant neoplasms.
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PURPOSE: In 2010, the new UICC/AJCC TNM classification for gastric cancer was declared. The new classification for gastric cancer has several changes from the 6th classification. We evaluated the prognostic values and differences according to the new UICC/AJCC TNM classification. METHODS: From 2000 to 2004, 1,196 patients who underwent curative resection with D1+beta or more lymph node dissection and with 15 or more lymph nodes retrieved were studied retrospectively. We analyzed clinical characteristics and survival outcomes retrospectively from medical records. RESULTS: According to UICC/AJCC 7th TNM classification, the 5-year survival rate (5YSR) of each group for depth of invasion and node metastasis were significantly different. The 5YSR of stage II in 6th classification was 82.4% and the 5YSR of stage IIa and IIb in 7th classification were 92.2% and 82.9%. The 5YSR of stage IIIa and IIIb in 6th classification were 56.3% and 33.0%. The 5YSR of stage IIIa, IIIb and IIIc in 7th classification were 72.7%, 48.4% and 26.1%. In our Cox regression multivariate analysis, N stage of the 6th UICC/AJCC TNM classification was the main independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSION: N stage of the 6th UICC/AJCC TNM classification is a more reliable prognostic factor than N stage of the 7th UICC/AJCC TNM classification. Further study should be performed to confirm the appropriateness of N stage TNM classification for gastric cancer.
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Humans , Lymph Node Excision , Lymph Nodes , Multivariate Analysis , Neoplasm Metastasis , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Stomach Neoplasms , Survival RateABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Cancer staging is essential in clinical cancer practice in medical and surgical oncology. Staging based on the guidelines of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) is the most popular and is widely used in clinical fields. Early this year, the 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual was published. I have compared and described the changes in the new edition from the older version to facilitate staging in clinical settings, especially for liver and intrahepatic bile duct malignancies. METHODS: On the basis of the new 2010 edition of the 7th AJCC TNM cancer staging manual, I have compared hepatobiliary malignancy in Chapter 18, liver malignancy and intrahepatic bile duct malignancy in Chapter 19. RESULTS: One of the major changes in the 7th AJCC manual compared to the 6th AJCC staging manual published in 2002 is separation of the Liver and Intrahepatic bile duct cancer chapters. In the previous edition, intrahepatic bile duct cancer was included in the liver malignancy chapter. CONCLUSION: There are no universal and permanent staging systems for cancer. The staging systems are ever changing to adjust for changes in treatment and prognosis of malignancies. We need to collect data in order to modify the staging correctly in collaboration with multi-institutional efforts to reduce biases in staging liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancers.
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Bias , Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic , Collodion , Cooperative Behavior , Joints , Liver , Neoplasm Staging , PrognosisABSTRACT
The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Cancer staging system has been revised every 6~8 years since the first edition of the cancer staging system was introduced in 1977. The latest edition, the 7th, was published in 2009 and has been used since January, 2010. In case of gallbladder cancer, perihilar cancer and distal common bile duct cancer, there are several changes compared to the 6th edition (revised in 2002). In gallbladder cancer, there is no difference in lymph node location from the 6th edition, but in the 7th edition disease is divided into hilar nodes and other regional lymph nodes. This has been reclassified in terms of the possibility of surgical resection and patient outcome. In perihilar cancer, we had to follow cancer staging for extrahepatic bile duct cancer because there was no classification previously; but now a new staging guideline has been introduced. There is no difference from the 6th edition in cancer staging of the distal common bile duct. However, the classification of the primary site has changed according to involvement of the celiac axis or superior mesenteric artery in invasion of adjacent organs. Explanations for the differences between the 5th, 6th and 7th editions are introduced and the helpfulness of the new system in clinical applications is examined.
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Humans , Axis, Cervical Vertebra , Bile , Bile Ducts , Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic , Common Bile Duct , Gallbladder , Gallbladder Neoplasms , Joints , Lymph Nodes , Mesenteric Artery, Superior , Neoplasm StagingABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The 7th edition UICC/AJCC TNM classification for gastric cancer has several changes from the previous edition. Especially, the classification of the number of lymph node metastases (LNM) is reorganized. According to the new TNM system, N stage was categorized to N0 (no LNM), N1 (1~2 LNM), N2 (3~6 LNM), N3 (7 or more LNM). The aim of our study was to compare the prognostic significance of the new (7th) UICC/AJCC N stage with the old (6th). METHODS: From 2000 to 2005 a total of 425 patients who underwent curative resections with D2 and with 15 or more lymph nodes retrieved were studied retrospectively. RESULTS: According to the 7th UICC/AJCC N stage, the 5-year cumulative survival rates (5YSR) of N0, N1, N2, N3 were 96.0%, 79.2%, 58.5% and 24.3%, respectively (P<0.001). Using univariate analysis, the N stage of 7th and 6th UICC/AJCC TNM classification, 7th UICC/AJCC T stage, differentiation of tumor, type of gastrectomy (subtotal and total gastrectomy), size of primary tumor (< or =5, 5<< or =10, 10<) were associated with 5YSR. However, Cox regression multivariate analysis showed the 7th UICC/AJCC N stage to bean independent factor for predicting the 5YSR instead of the 6th UICC/AJCC N stage (P<0.001, hazard ratio (HR) 1.859, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.576~2.194), including depth of tumor invasion (P<0.001, HR 1.673, 95% CI 1.351~2.073). CONCLUSION: The new (7th) UICC/AJCC N stage is a more reliable prognostic factor of gastric cancer than the old (6th) N stage.
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Humans , Gastrectomy , Lymph Nodes , Multivariate Analysis , Neoplasm Metastasis , Retrospective Studies , Stomach Neoplasms , Survival RateABSTRACT
PURPOSE: In this study we evaluated the significance of false positive screening bone scintigraphy (BS) in primary invasive breast cancer patients. Lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI), estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), nuclear grade, histology grade, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and C-erb-B2 values were examined in terms of their abilities to predict the accuracy of abnormal BS. We also examined the incidence of bone metastasis in primary invasive breast cancer patients according to the 1988 and 2003 AJCC classifications. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on 2,044 primary invasive breast cancer patients that had received BS screening, and who were treated by mastectomy or breast conserving surgery at the Seoul National University Hospital between Jan 1995 and Jul 2003. Abnormal screening BS results were divided into "less suspicious" and "highly suspicious" groups. Patient's stages according to the 1988 AJCC classification were reclassified according to the 2003 AJCC classification. Bone metastasis was confirmed by further radiological examination or follow-up BS. All statistical analyses were two-tailed. RESULTS: The incidences of bone metastasis and an abnormal screening BS result were 1.7% (35/2,044) and 13.8% (283/2,044), respectively. The false positive rate of screening BS was 87.6% (248/283). LVI was the only significant predictive factor of bone metastasis in 283 of the abnormal BS patients (p <.001). c-erb-B2 showed no significance to predict bone metastasis in the "less suspicious" group, but was Bone is the most common site of distant metastasis in invasive breast cancer at the time of primary diagnosis. The vertebrae are the most common sites of bone metastasis and the ribs, skull, sternum and proximal long bones are also frequently involved. Bone metastases affect 8% of patients marginally significant in the "highly suspicious" group (p = .046). ER, PR, nuclear grade, histology grade, and EGFR showed no significance in terms of predicting the accuracy of an abnormal BS result. The incidences of bone metastasis were 0.6, 1.3 and 7.6% in stages I, II and III, respectively, according to the 1988 AJCC classification, while these incidences were 0.6, 0.7 and 5.8% according to the 2003 AJCC classification. CONCLUSION: The use of screening bone scintigraphy as a routine screening test is hard to justify due to its high false positive rate. LVI may be a useful factor in that it predicts the accuracy of an abnormal BS result. The incidences of bone metastasis in stages II and III were lower for the 2003 AJCC staging system.
Subject(s)
Humans , Breast Neoplasms , Breast , Classification , Diagnosis , Estrogens , Follow-Up Studies , Incidence , Lymphatic Vessels , Mass Screening , Mastectomy , Mastectomy, Segmental , Neoplasm Metastasis , Radionuclide Imaging , ErbB Receptors , Receptors, Progesterone , Retrospective Studies , Ribs , Seoul , Skull , Spine , SternumABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Since the publication of the 5th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual in 1997 (old stage), significant developments have occurred in the field of breast cancer diagnosis and management; therefore, it was revised at 2002 (new stage). There are few reports comparing the changes in prognosis in relation to the changes in the staging system. The aims of this study were to evaluate the changes in patient distribution and prognosis according to the changes in the staging system and to elucidate the efficacy of new staging system. METHODS: The records of 1, 275 patients who underwent an operation for breast cancer at Yeung-Nam University Hospital between 1987 and 2003 were reviewed. The pathological stage was assigned retrospectively according to the 5th and the 6th AJCC staging criteria. The patient distributions by stage, nodal status, 5-year relapse free survival (RFSR) and overall survival rates (OSR) were retrospectively compared. RESULTS: Five hundred and five of 616 stage II patients according to the 1997 classification system were also stage II according to the 6th AJCC staging system. The number of patients with stages IIA and IIB decreased from 370 and 246 (old stage) to 342 and 165 (new stage), respectively. Conversely, the number of patients with stage III increased from 158 (old stage) to 271 (new stage). The five-year RFSR for patients with stage I, IIA, IIB, and IIIA were 94.2, 87.1, 74.3, and 48.8% according to the old stage (P<0.0001), and 95.2, 87.8, 81.7, and 66.8%, respectively, according to the new stage (P<0.0001). The five-year OSR for patients with stage I, IIA, IIB, and IIIA were 98.7, 94.3, 86.1, and 63.5% according to the old stage (P<0.0001), and 98.7, 95.7, 96.5, and 72.9%, respectively, according to the new stage (P<0.0001). The RFSR and OSR for stage IIIC were 42.0 and 59.5%, respectively. There was significant difference in the five-year OSR for stages IIB and IIIA (P=0.0308 and P=0.0132, respectively). CONCLUSION: In our study, the 6th AJCC staging system shifted poorer prognostic cohort of each stage toward a higher stage compared to the 1997 version. Therefore, the survival rate for any one stage assigned by 2002 staging system was also improved. In conclusion, it is imperative that careful attention is devoted to this effect so that accurate conclusions regarding the efficacy of new treatment can be drawn.